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शुक्रवार, 29 मई 2015

UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus 2015

Check UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus 2015 with Exam Pattern - This page is dedicated to provide you syllabus of UPSSSC Junior Assistant 2015 exam. Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Commission (UPSSSC) is going to conduct written exam for Junior Assistant (Kanisth Sahayak) posts. Those candidates who are preparing for UPSSSC Junior Assistant exam must start their preparation if they want to qualify. Now a days, the recruitment exams got very competitive. The competition is very tough. Only who prepare well can qualify the test and got selected. UPSSSC Kanisth Sahayak exam is going to be conducted soon. However, the exact exam date had not yet been disclose. But UPSSSC had released the official syllabus of Junior Assistant exam. The candidates should prepare according to UPSSSC Junior Assistant Exam Syllabus 2015 given here for better preparation. The syllabus in Hindi can be downloaded from below given link.

UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus 2015 with Exam pattern

UPSSSC Junior Assistant Exam Pattern:

Sr. No.
Subject
No. of Questions
Marks
Time
Part 1   
Hindi Insight & Writing ability
40
20
1 hour
Part 2
General mental ability
20
10
Part 3
General Knowledge
20
10

योग
80
40


UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus 2015:
Here is the syllabus of UPSSSC Junior Assistant in Hindi officially provided by UPSSSC.
भाग-1 हिन्दी परिज्ञान और लेखन योग्यता - उम्मीद्वारों से हिन्दी भाषा का ज्ञान तथा उनके समझ एवं लेखन की योग्यता के परीक्षण हेतु प्रश्न पूछें जायेंगे। (यह प्रश्नपत्र माध्यमिक शिक्षा परिषद, उ0प्र0 के हाईस्कूल परीक्षा के स्तर का होगा)
भाग-2 सामान्य बुद्धि परीक्षण
इस परीक्षण का उद्देश्य किसी नई परिस्थिति के समझने, उसके विभिन्न तत्वों का विश्लेषण तथा पहचान करने तथा तर्क करने की योग्यता को मापना है। इस परीक्षण में ऐसे प्रश्न होंगे,जो अनुदेशों को समझने, सम्बन्धों, समानताओं तथा संगतताओं का पता लगाने, निष्कर्ष निकालने और इसी प्रकार की बौद्धिक कियाओं पर आधारित होगें।
भाग-3 सामान्य जानकारी
प्रश्नपत्र का यह भाग उम्मीदवारों की चारों ओर के वातावरण के बारे में उसकी सामान्य जानकारी तथा समाज में उसके इस्तेमाल के बारे में उसकी योग्यता के आंकने के लिए है। इस परीक्षण में ऐसे प्रश्न भी रखे जायेंगे जिनसे ऐसी समसामयिक घटनाओं तथा प्रतिदिन दृष्टिगोचर होने तथा अनुभव में आने वाले तथ्यों जिनमें ऐतिहासिक एवं भौगोलिक तथ्य भी सम्मिलत हो सकते हैं। (विशेषकर भारत से सम्बन्धित) एवं उनके वैज्ञानिक पहलुओं का ज्ञान आंका जा सके, जिसकी किसी भी शिक्षित व्यक्ति से आशा की जा सकती है।
Download UPSSSC Syllabus of Junior Assistant Exam 2015
Also download UPSSSC Junior Assistant Admit card

Here is UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus in English.
Hindi Insight & Writing Ability: Questions in this section will be asked to test their knowledge of Hindi Language and comprehension and writing ability.
UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus
General Intelligence Test : This section will be to test knowledge of new situation, analyze and identify its various elements, understanding instructions, relationships, similarities, consistent, conclusions and actions etc.
Questions will be asked from analogies, similarities and differences, coding and decoding, statement conclusion, syllogistic reasoning. Spatial visualization, spatial orientation, problem solving, analysis, judgement, decision making, visual memory, discrimination, observation, relationship concepts, arithmetic reasoning, verbal and figure classification, arithmetical number series, non-verbal series.
UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus
General Knowledge : This section will test candidate's general knowledge about his/her surroundings  and about its use in society. Questions will be asked from current events, science, historical and geographical facts (specially related to India) and the knowledge of the scientific aspects. The topics includes Indian History, Indian Polity, Current Events, Geography, Economy etc. Focus will be on Current national & International events, banking, sports, economy etc.
UPSSSC Junior Assistant Syllabus 2015
Important Points: चयन के लिए कुल एक सौ अंक होंगे। चयन हेतु अभ्यर्थियों की श्रेष्ठता सूची निम्नलिखित रीति से तैयार की जायेगी:-
1-            वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रकार की लिखित परीक्षा-       40 अंक
2-            शैक्षिक अर्हता के आधार पर अधिकतम-   30 अंक प्रदान किये जायेंगे।
3-            कुशल खिलाड़ी को अधिकतम-              05 अंक प्रदान किये जायेंगे।
4-            साक्षात्कार-                                     25 अंक
                योग-                                                         100 अंक

5-            टंकण परीक्षा-                                               अर्हकारी प्रकृति की होगी।

Read more: http://www.meriview.in/2015/04/upsssc-junior-assistant-syllabus-with-exam-pattern.html#ixzz3bUrmT5jS

सोमवार, 25 मई 2015

DOWNLOAD UPPCL OA-3 & ASSISTANT ACCOUNTANT ADMIT CARD

LogoExam will be conducted on two different dates 6-6-2015 & 7-7-2015 on different      centres,

Electricity Service Commission

Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd.

(UP Government Undertaking)

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    Deposit Application/Processing Fees : 23-Mar-2015 - 09-May-2015. 
    Online Application Submission : 25-Mar-2015 - 11-May-2015. 

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शनिवार, 23 मई 2015

UPSC Civil Services Exam 2015 (1129 Vacancies)

UPSC Civil Services Exam 2015 – Apply Online for 1129 Vacancies: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has given a notification for the recruitment of 1129 posts in Various Group A & Group B Services through Civil Services Examination 2015. Eligible candidates may apply online from 23-05-2015 to 19-06-2015 till 11.59 PM. Other details like age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee & how to apply are given below…
UPSC Civil Services Exam Vacancy Details:
Total No. of Posts: 1129
Name of the Exam: Civil Services Preliminary Exam 2015
Name of the Post:
1. Indian Administrative Service
2. Indian Foreign Service.
3. Indian Police Service.
4. Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’.
5. Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
6. Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’.
7. Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
8. Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’.
9. Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works 10. Manager,Administration).
11. Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’.
12. Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
13. Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’.
14. Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group ‘A’.
15. Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’.
16. Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’
17. Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’.
18. Indian Information Service (Junior Grade), Group ‘A’.
19. Indian Trade Service, Group ‘A’ (Gr. III).
20. Indian Corporate Law Service, Group “A”.
21. Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group ‘B’ (Section Officer’s Grade).
22. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra &
23. Nagar Haveli Civil Service, Group ‘B’.
24. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service, Group ‘B’.
25. Pondicherry Civil Service, Group ‘B’.
26. Pondicherry Police Service, Group ‘B’
Age Limit: Candidates age should be above 21 years and below 32 years as on 01-08-2015 i.e., he/ she must have been born not earlier than 02-08-1983 and not later than 01-08-1994. The upper age relaxation is 05 years for SC/ ST, 03 years for OBC and 10 years for PH candidates. Age relaxation is applicable as per rules.
Educational Qualification: Candidates should possess any degree of any University incorporated by an Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a University Under Section-3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, or possess an equivalent qualification.
Selection Process: The Civil Services Examination will consist of two successive stages. Civil Services Preliminary Examination (Objective type) for the selection of candidates for the Main Examination and Civil Services Main Examination (Written and Interview).
Application Fee: Candidates have to Pay Rs.100/- either by online or offline mode. No Fee for Female/ SC/ ST/ PH candidates.
Online Mode: Candidates can pay the prescribed fee through online mode by using net banking facility of State Bank of India/ State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur/ Sate Bank of Hyderabad/ State Bank of Mysore/ State Bank of Patiala/ State Bank of Travancore or by using Visa/ Master Credit/ Debit Card up to 19-06-2015 at 23.59 hrs.
Offline Mode: Candidates can pay the prescribed fee through ‘Pay by Cash’ mode, take print out of system generated Pay in slip during part II registration and deposit the fee at the counter of SBI Branch on the next working day only up to 18-06-2015 at 23.59 hrs.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates may apply online through the UPSC website www.upsconline.nic.in from 23-05-2015 to 19-06-2015 till 11.59 PM.
Instructions to Apply Online:
1. Before applying online candidates have to scan the copies of photograph & signature.
2. Log on through the website www.upsconline.nic.in.
3. Click on “ONLINE APPLICATION FOR VARIOUS EXAMINATIONS OF UPSC”.
4. Click on “Part – I/ Part – II Registration”.
5. Read the Important Instructions & fill the form with all the relevant details & submit the application form.
6. After successful registration, a unique registration ID will be allotted, note down the ID & password.
7. Now fill the personal profile, contact details, age relaxation if applicable.
8. Now fill the details of qualification, experience.
9. Now fill the details of Professional Registration, Language, Miscellaneous Module.
10. Now candidate have to choose the Recruitment Test Centre.
11. Now candidates have to upload documents in Document Upload Module
12. After uploading photograph & signature preview the ORA form and check the details carefully.
13. Now click on the submit button
14. Candidates can Pay Online using the Internet banking facility in SBI or other associated banks or can pay through Visa/ Master Debit or Credit card issued by any Bank/ Institution.
15. Here the Transaction ID & Date of Registration details will directly uploaded automatically.
16. Now pay the fee through cash at any branch of State Bank of India through the Pay-in-Slip
17. A transaction ID will be given, again revisit the website and click on the “Click here to view your Previous/ Currently active applications”.
18. Log in by registration ID & password, candidates can see “My Active Application (My draft Application)” link.
19. Now fill the details of transaction ID and Date of Transaction if paid through cash.
20. Click “Continue”, check the details of fee and submit the application.
21. Now take the printout copies of application attach the attested copies of all documents and keep it for future use.
Important Dates:
Starting Date for Submission of Online Application: 23-05-2015.
Last Date for Submission of Online Application: 19-06-2015 till 11.59 PM.
Last Date for Payment of Fee through ‘Pay by Cash’: 18-06-2015 at 23.59 hrs.
Last Date for Payment of Fee through Online mode: 19-06-2015 at 23.59 hrs.
Written Exam Date for Civils Preliminary Exam 2015: 23-08-2015
For more details regarding age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee, how to apply and other information click on the link given below…
UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) 2015More Information
Civil Services (Preliminary) Exam 2015 Notification (in English)Get Details
Civil Services (Preliminary) Exam 2015 Notification (in Hindi)Get Details
Civil Services (Preliminary) Exam 2015 Online ApplicationClick Here
Online InstructionsClick Here
Civil Services (Preliminary) Exam 2015 FAQGet Details
Eligibility DetailsGet Details
Selection ProcessGet Details
Exam PatternGet Details
Exam SyllabusGet Details

UP Postal Circle Recruitment 2015 (932 Posts)

UP Postal Circle Recruitment 2015 – 932 Postman, Mail Guard & MTS Posts: Government of India, Ministry of Communications & IT, Department of Posts, Uttar Pradesh Postal Circle has published a notification for the recruitment of 932 Postman, Mail Guard, MTS ( Administrative Office & Subordinate Office) vacancies. Eligible candidates may apply online from 01-06-2015 at 16:00 Hrs to 30-06-2015 by 23:59 Hrs or Offline on or before 30-06-2015. Other details like age, educational qualification, selection process, application fee, how to apply are given below…
UP Postal Circle Vacancy Details:
Total No. of Posts: 932
Name of the Post:
1. Postman: 602 Posts
2. Mail Guard: 20 Posts
3. MTS (Administrative Office): 42 Posts
4. MTS (Subordinate Office): 268 Posts
Age Limit: Candidates age should be between 18 to 27 years as on 30-06-2015. Age relaxation is applicable for 5 years for SC/ ST category, 3 years for OBC years and Government Servants up to 40 years in accordance with the instructions issued by the Government of India form time to time.
Educational Qualification: Candidates should possess Matriculation from recognized Board or University for Postman & Mail Guard posts, Matriculation or equivalent or ITI from recognized Boards for MTS posts.
Selection Process: Candidates will be selected based on their performance in Aptitude test.
Application Fee: Candidates have to pay Rs. 500/- (OC/ OBC candidates) and Rs. 100/- (SC/ ST/ PH/ Women candidates) deposit the Post Office through printed challan and receive the one e-payment receipt.
Application From: The OMR Application Form will be available at Post Offices of UP Circle from 01-06-2015 to 30-06-2015.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates may apply online through website www.indiapost.gov.in from 01-06-2015 at 16:00 hrs to 30-06-2015 by 23:59 hrs or send their application in the prescribed format along with OMR application form number, photocopy of e-payment receipt, received from the post office in token of payment of the cost of the OMR application form kit & examination fee and in an top of the envelope should mention in bold letters “Application for the post of MTS in Administrative Offices or Application for the Post of MTS in Subordinate Offices or Application for the Post of Postman or Application for the Post of Mail Guard” through speed post/ registered post to The Direct Recruitment Cell, Office of the Chief Postmaster General, Uttar Pradesh Circle, Lucknow-226001 on or before 30-06-2015.
Important Dates:
Starting Date for Submission of Online Applications: 01-06-2015 at 16:00 hrs
Last Date for Submission of Online Application: 30-06-2015 by 23:59 hrs.
Last Date for Receipt of Applications: 30-06-2015.
Last Date for Payment of Fee: 03-07-2015.

For more details like age, educational qualification, selection process, application fee, how to apply & other information click on the link given below…

CBSE RESULT - 2015

Amarujala

इलाहाबाद (ब्यूरो)सीबीएसई 12वीं का रिजल्ट 25 मई को आएगा। सीबीएसई के क्षेत्रीय अधिकारी पीयूष कुमार शर्मा ने कहा कि इसी दिन दसवीं का रिजल्ट भी जारी हो सकता है। यदि परिणाम एक साथ घोषित नहीं हुए तो 26 मई को दसवीं का परिणाम आएगा।

सोमवार, 18 मई 2015

UPPCL Recruitment 2015

Click here for 884 Technician Gr II Post Details
Click here for 794 Jr Engineer Post Details
Click here for 187 Asst Engineer Post Details

Apply Online for 884 Technician Gr II Posts: Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL) has delivered notification for the recruitment of 884 Technician Grade-II (Trainee) Vacancies. Eligible candidates can apply online from 17-05-2015 to 17-06-2015. Other details like age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee and how to apply are given below…
UPPCL Vacancy Details:
Total No. of Posts: 884
Name of the Post: Technician Grade-II (Trainee)
Name of the Category:
1. UR: 442 posts
2. OBC (Non-Creamy layer): 239 posts
3. SC: 185 posts
4. ST: 18 posts
Age Limit: Candidates minimum age should be 18 years to 40 years as on 01-01-2015. Age relaxation will be applicable as per the rules.
Educational Qualification: Candidates should possess High School/ equivalent with Science & Maths as subjects from Uttar Pradesh, Vocational Certificate in Electrician trade, Must have certificate in course on computer concept (CCC)/ Equivalent computer certificate.
Selection Process: Selection will be based on their performance in Written examination and Interview.
Application Fee: Candidates have to pay the application fee (Non Refundable) of Rs.1000/- for Other category and Rs.700/- for SC/ ST candidates of Uttar Pradesh, payable through Net Banking/ Debit/ Credit card/ Chhallan through State Bank of India.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates can apply online through the website www.uppcl.org from 17-05-2015 to 17-06-2015.
Note: Reservation will be given for Uttar Pradesh Residents Only.
Instructions for Online Applicants:
1. Log on to the website www.uppcl.org
2. Click on the link of “Apply online against advt no. ’6/VSA/2015/TG2′ for the post of TG-2″
3. Click on “How to Apply” & read the instructions care fully
4. Log to “APPLY FOR ONLINE APPLICATION/ logged in to apply online”.
5. Fill all the mandatory details & Make payment of application fee.
6. Then fill remaining information and submit the application form.
7. After take a printout of registered application form for further reference.
Important Dates:
Starting Date for Payment of Fee: 15-05-2015.
Starting Date for Submission of Online Application: 17-05-2015.
Last Date for Payment of Fee: 15-06-2015.
Last Date for Submission of Online Application: 17-06-2015.
For more details regarding age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee, how to apply and other, click on the following link…
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UPPCL Recruitment 2015 – Apply Online for 794 Jr Engineer Posts: Electricity Service Commision, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL), Lucknow has issued notification for the recruitment of 794 Junior Engineer (Trainee) vacancies. Eligible candidates can apply online from 17-05-2015 to 17-06-2015. Other details like age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee and how to apply are given below…
UPPCL Vacancy Details:
Total No. of Posts: 794
Name of the Post: Junior Engineer (Trainee)
Name of the Category:
1. UR: 398 posts
2. OBC: 215 posts
3. SC: 166 posts
4. ST: 15 posts
Age Limit: Candidates minimum age should be 18 years to 40 years as on 01-01-2015. Age relaxation will be applicable as per the rules.
Educational Qualification: Candidates should possess Diploma examination in Electrical/ Civil Engineering.
Selection Process: Selection will be based on their performance in Written Test, Computer Based Test & Interview.
Application Fee: Candidates have to pay the application fee (Non Refundable) of Rs.1000/- for Other category and Rs.700/- for SC/ ST candidates of Uttar Pradesh, payable through SBI Net Banking/ Debit/ Credit card/ Chhallan through State Bank of India.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates can apply online through the website www.uppcl.org from 17-05-2015 to 17-06-2015.
Instructions for Online Applicants:
1. Log on to the website www.uppcl.org
2. Click on the link of “Apply online against advt no. 5/VSA/2015/JE”
3. Click on “How to Apply” & read the instructions care fully
4. Log to “APPLY FOR ONLINE APPLICATION/ logged in to apply online”.
5. Fill all the mandatory details & Make payment of application fee.
6. Then fill remaining information and submit the application form.
7. After take a printout of registered application form for further reference.
Important Dates:
Starting Date for Payment of Fee: 15-05-2015.
Starting Date for Submission of Online Application: 17-05-2015.
Last Date for Payment of Fee: 15-06-2015.
Last Date for Submission of Online Application: 17-06-2015.
For more details regarding age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee, how to apply and other, click on the following link…
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UPPCL Recruitment 2015 – Apply Online for 187 Asst Engineer Posts: Electricity Service Commision, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL), Lucknow has issued notification for the recruitment of Assistant Engineer (Trainee) vacancies. Eligible candidates can apply online from 17-05-2015 to 17-06-2015. Other details like age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee and how to apply are given below…
UPPCL Vacancy Details:
Total No. of Posts: 187
Name of the Post: Assistant Engineer (Trainee)
Namer of the Branches:
1. Electrical: 163 Posts
2. Civil: 24 Posts
Name of the Category:
1. UR: 95 posts
2. OBC: 50 posts
3. SC: 39 posts
4. ST: 03 posts
Age Limit: Candidates minimum age should be 21 years to 40 years as on 01-01-2015. Age relaxation will be applicable as per the rules.
Educational Qualification: Candidates should possess Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering/ Civil Engineering from a University/ Institution established by law in Uttar Pradesh or from any other Institution recognized by State Government.
Selection Process: Selection will be based on their performance in Computer Based Test & Interview.
Application Fee: Candidates have to pay the application fee (Non Refundable) of Rs.1000/- for Other category, Rs.700/- for SC/ ST and Rs. 10/- for Handicaped candidates of Uttar Pradesh, payable through SBI Net Banking/ Debit/ Credit card/ Challan through State Bank of India.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates can apply online through the website www.uppcl.org from 17-05-2015 to 17-06-2015.
Instructions for Online Applicants:
1. Log on to the website www.uppcl.org
2. Click on the link of “Apply online against advt no. 04/VSA/2015/AE”
3. Click on “How to Apply” & read the instructions care fully
4. Log to “APPLY FOR ONLINE APPLICATION/ logged in to apply online”.
5. Fill all the mandatory details & Make payment of application fee.
6. Then fill remaining information and submit the application form.
7. After take a printout of registered application form for further reference.
Important Dates:
Starting Date for Payment of Fee: 15-05-2015.
Starting Date for Submission of Online Application: 17-05-2015.
Last Date for Payment of Fee: 15-06-2015.
Last Date for Submission of Online Application: 17-06-2015.
For more details regarding age limit, educational qualification, selection process, application fee, how to apply and other, click on the following link…

Devanagari Script

The Devanagari Script

The Devanagari Script (देवनागरी लिपि) is the most impressive writing
system that I have ever studied. It impresses me for many reasons, for instance:
  • The ordering of the letters is according to precise scientific principles.
  • Each letter transcribes a distinct sound.
  • It recognizes subtle distinctions in sound.
I also find Devanagari to be a very beautiful script.
Note that this article will discuss the Devanagari Script as it is adapted for the Hindi language.

The Ordering of Letters

In order to appreciate the significance of the ordering of letters in Devanagari, some background
information is necessary.

Place of Articulation

Consonants can be classified according to the place within the mouth that they are articulated.
  • Velar consonants are pronounced with the back of the tongue touching
    the soft palate. Examples of velar consontants in English include “k” as in “keep”, and “g”
    as in “good”.
  • Palatal consonants are pronounced with the tongue touching the hard palate.
    Examples of palatal consonants in English include “ch” as in “change” and “j” as in “job”.
  • Retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue curled slightly backward and touching the front portion of the hard palate.
    There are no retroflex consonants in English. As an example, try pronouncing the “t” in “tip”, yet curl your
    tongue backward.
  • Dental consonants are pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the upper front teeth.
    Examples of dental consontants in English include the “th” in “the”, and the “th” in “thin”.
  • Labial consonants are pronounced with the lips.
    Examples of labial consonants in English include the “p” in “pit”, the “b” in “boy”, and the “m” in “man”.

Manner of articulation

Consonants can also be classified according to their manner of articulation.
  • Unvoiced consonants are pronounced without vibrating the vocal cords.
    Examples of unvoiced consonants in English include the “s” in “sit”, the “p” in “pit”, the “t” in “time”, etc.
  • Voiced consonants are pronounced by vibrating the vocal cords.
    Examples of voiced consonants in English include the “z” in “zoo”, and the “g” in “good”.
  • Unaspirated consonants are pronounced without a breath of air following the consonant.
    Contrast the pronunciation of the “p” in “spit” and the “p” in “pit”; the former is unaspirated, whereas the
    latter is aspirated.
  • Aspirated consonants are pronounced with a strong breath of air following
    the consonant, as the “p” in “pit”.
  • Nasal consonants are pronounced with some air flowing through the nose. Examples of
    nasal consonants in English include the “n” in “English”, the “n” in “punch”, and the “m” in “me”.
Now, consider the following chart of the first 25 consonants of the Devanagari script:
Hindi Consonants

Stops
Nasals
Unvoiced
Voiced
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated
Velar
Palatal
Retroflex (ड़) (ढ़)
Dental
Labial (फ़)
Next, consider the ordering of the same 25 consonants in the Devanagari script, from left to right:
क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड (ड़) (ढ़) ण त थ द ध न प फ (फ़) ब भ म
Note that if you read the chart from left to right and top to bottom, it corresponds to the ordering of
the letters in Devanagari! This is remarkable because this has been the ordering of the Devanagari script for
centuries. This fact is a testament to the advanced state of the study of phonetics in ancient India.

Ordering of Vowels

The vowels in Hindi are likewise ordered scientifically.

Place of Articulation of Vowels

  • Velar/Guttural vowels are pronounced near the back of the throat, as
    the “a” in “amid”.
  • Palatal vowels are pronounced with the tip of the tongue raised toward the hard palatte, as the “i” in “sing”.
  • Labial vowels are pronounced using the lips, as the “oo” in “boot”.
  • Retroflex vowels are pronounced with the tongue curled backward. There are no retroflex vowels in English.
  • Palato-Guttural vowels are pronounced as a combination of palatal and velar articulation.
  • Labio-Guttural vowels are pronounced as a combination of labial and velar articulation.

Manner of Articulation of Vowels

The manner of articulation of vowels can be classified according to many categories, but we will discuss two
particular categories:
  • Short vowels are sustained for a relatively shorter duration of time.
  • Long vowels are sustained for a relatively longer duration of time.
Monophthongs are vowels pronounced as a single, pure sound, whereas diphthongsare vowels pronounced as two adjacent sounds glided together within the same syllable.
Articulation Vowels

Monophthongs Diphthongs

Short Long
Guttural
Palatal
Labial
Retroflex
Palato-Guttural
Labio-Guttural
Now consider the vowels in their order within the Devanagari script:
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ
Once again, note that the ordering corresponds to the ordering in the table, if the table is ordered from
left to right and top to bottom.
The technical distinction between the vowel pairs in Hindi (such as इ ई) is the
vowel length, although modern Hindi speakers tend to pronounce the vowels distinctly, regardless of the duration.
is pronounced like the “i” in “bit” whereas is
pronounced like the “ee” in “feet”, and is pronounced
like the “u” in “put” whereas is pronounced like the “oo” in “boot”.
Also note that the complement of the letter is marked as “-” because it is not
commonly employed in Hindi, but it is used in other applications of Devanagari, such as in Sanskrit.

Miscellaneous Ordering

The final consonants in the Devanagari script are organized into three categories: semivowels/approximants, sibilants, and a glottal.

Semivowels/Approximants

य र ल व

Sibilants

श ष स

Glottal


Application to Hindi

Now, I’ll discuss the application of Devanagari to Hindi.
Hindi is written using the Devanagari script.
Devanagari is also used to write other languages, such as Nepali and Marathi, and is the most common script used to write Sanskrit. Several other languages have scripts which are related to Devanagari, such as Bengali, Punjabi, and Gujarati.
The Devanagari script represents the sounds of the Hindi language with remarkable consistency. Whereas many letters of the English alphabet can be pronounced many different ways, the letters of the Devanagari script are pronounced consistently (with a few minor exceptions). Thus, Devanagari is relatively easy to learn.
Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants, and is written from left to right.

Basic Genius

Devanagari is not actually an alphabet, but a so-called alphasyllabary. An alphasyllabary is a writing system which is primarily based on consonants, and in which vowel symbols are requisite yet secondary. As such, the fundamental genius of Devanagari is that every letter represents a consonant which is followed by an inherent schwa vowel, . For example, the letter is read “sa”. In order to suppress the inherent vowel, one of two methods is required: a diacritical mark called a halant, or a ligature, called a conjunct. In order to indicate a vowel other than the inherent vowel, diacritical marks called maatraas are used. For vowels independent of consonants, there exist full letters to transcribe vowels.

Vowels

Hindi has 11 vowels. 10 vowels are transcribed in two distinct forms: the independent form, and the dependent (maatraa) form. The independent form is used when the vowel letter appears alone, at the beginning of a word, or immediately following another vowel letter. The dependent form is used when the vowel follows a consonant.

Vowels in Independent Form

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ
The following table lists the vowel in its independent form, and its description. The best way to learn the pronunciation is to learn from a native speaker.
Vowels
Vowel Description
as in “but”, “again”
as in father, far
as in “fit”, “hit”
as in “feet”, “heat”
as in “put”, “pull”
as in “pool”, “shoot”
as is “rip”, “rib”
as in “ate”, “day”
as in “man”, “bat”
as in “go“, “boat”
as in “saw”, “taught”

Vowels in Dependent (maatraa) Form

When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written in its respective maatraa form, which is appended to the consonant. Matraa forms never appear at the beginning of a word or after another vowel. The first vowel, , has no particular maatraa form. Instead it is the default vowel. It is assumed to be present unless the maatraa form of another vowel is explicitly appended to a consonant. In Sanskrit, the vowel is pronounced at the end of a word. In Hindi, however, it is not pronounced, except at the end of single-letter words. The following table lists each vowel in its independent form, its corresponding dependent form, and how it would appear with the consonant (“k”).
Maatraa Forms of Vowels
Independent Dependent With
(none)
का
ि कि
की
कु
कू
कृ
के
कै
को
कौ

Allophones

As mentioned earlier, the distinction between the vowels and is the duration of the pronunciation of the vowel – the former is shorter, and the latter longer. However, in practice, the vowel is pronounced more like the English “i” as in the word “it”, as described in the corresponding text. The same is so for the vowels and .

Final Schwa

The schwa, , is normally not pronounced at the end of a word. Thus, कान is pronounced “kaan”, not “kaana”. An exception occurs when a word ends in a conjunct. In this case, the word may be pronounced with a slight final schwa, as in मित्र, literally “mitr”, but often pronounced like “mitr(a)”, with a soft final schwa.

Monophthongs versus Diphthongs

Native English speakers should be careful not to pronounce the Hindi vowels that are monophthongs as diphthongs. For instance, is a pure sound, not a glide like the English “o” as in the word “low”. Many vowel letters in English can represent diphthongs. Thus, whereas English may represent a diphthong with the letter “i” as in the word “site”, in Devanagari, this diphthong would be more precisely transcribed as two monopthongs, and : साईट

Schwa Syncope

Sometimes, the inherent vowel is not pronounced, despite its implicit presence and the lack of any modifying diacritic. This phenomenon is called schwa syncope, or alternatively schwa deletion. For instance, consider the word नमकीन, literally “namakeen”. The second inherent vowel is not pronounced, as if the word were written नम्कीन (“namkeen”). There is no rule which can predict this phenomenon with absolute accuracy, yet one generally useful heuristic is that the inherent vowel is deleted after a consonant which is between two vocalic consonants. Thus, the word देवनागरी itself is pronounced with the first schwa deleted, like “Devnagari”, and not “Devanagari”, even though it is still transliterated as “Devanagari”.
Occasionally, the schwa will not be totally deleted, but will be very slightly pronounced.

Schwa Pronunciation in Context

The Hindi inherent vowel, , may be pronounced as [ɛ], a vowel which is similar to the English “e” as in the word “bed”, but only in certain contexts, namely, when two vowels appear on both sides of the consonant , as in the verb पहनना (“to wear”). Both schwa vowels are often pronounced as [ɛ] in such circumstances. Thus, although the phrase पहन लो is literally “pahan lo”, it is often pronounced “pehen lo”. Occasionally, however, this phenomenon occurs when only one schwa vowel is beside the consonant , as in the word बहिन (“sister”). In this case, both vowels adjacent to are converted to [ɛ], and thus, although the word is literally “bahin”, it is pronounced “behen”.

Nasalization of Vowels

All vowels in Hindi can be nasalized, except for . Nasalization is indicated by either the symbol ” ” or by the symbol ” “. The former symbol is called bindu (“dot”), and the latter symbol is called chandrabindu (“moon and dot”). The bindu is used when part or all of the vowel symbol extends above the horizontal line. The chandrabindu is used when no part of the vowel symbol extends above the horizontal line. The bindu is more common is modern written Hindi, and may even be used exclusively.
The following examples summarize the use of the bindu and chandrabindu:
अँ आँ इँ ईं उँ ऊँ एँ ऐं ओं औं
कँ काँ किं कीं कुँ कूँ कें कैं कों कौं
A special diacritic is sometimes used with the vowel to transcribe the English “o” vowel sound as in “college”: कॉलेज

Consonants

Velar Consonants
Letter Description
unaspirated “k”
aspirated “k”
unaspirated “g”
aspirated “g”
n, as in “sing”
Note that the velar nasal consonant does not appear as the first letter of any word.
Palatal Consonants
Letter Description
unaspirated “ch”, as in “cheese”
aspirated “ch”
unaspirated “j”
aspirated “j”
n, as in “punch”
Retroflex Consonants
Letter Description
like “t”, but retroflex and unaspirated
like “t”, but retroflex and aspirated
like “d”, but retroflex and unaspirated
like “d”, but retroflex and aspirated
like “n”, but retroflex
Hindi additionally employs two flap consonants: ड़ and ढ़. The symbols for these consonants are formed by placing a diacritical mark called a nuqta, which is a subscript dot, underneath the consonant symbols and respectively.
ड़ is pronounced by flapping the tongue from the retroflex position forward, toward the alveolar ridge. ढ़ is pronounced similarly, except with aspiration.
English does have an alveolar flap consonant, as the “t” in the word “better”, or the “d” as in “bedding” as in American English. The Hindi flaps are retroflex, however.
Retroflex Flap Consonants
Letter Description
ड़ like a flapped “d”, flapping tongue from retroflex to alveolar ridge position
ढ़ like flapped “d”, flapping tongue from retroflex to alveolar ridge position, and aspirated

Dental Consonants
Letter Description
like “t”, but dental and unaspirated
like “t”, but dental and aspirated
like “d”, but dental and unaspirated
like “d”, but dental and aspirated
like “n” in “name”, but dental

Labial Consonants
Letter Description
like “p”, but unaspirated
like “p”, but aspirated
like “b”, but unaspirated
like “b”, but aspirated
“m”

Semivowels
Letter Description
“y”, as in “young”
like “r”, but often rolled
“l”, as in “lip”
either “w”, or “v”
The Hindi “r” sound is typically a flap. However, some speakers may trill the “r” sound occasionally, or may even occasionally pronounce it closer to an unflapped approximant sound, as in the English “r” in “red”.
Sibilants
Letter Description
“sh”, as in “shave”
like “sh”, but retroflex
“s”, as in “save”

Glottal
Letter Description
like “h”, but voiced

Allophony of “w” and “v” in Hindi

A phoneme is an equivalent class of atomic, discrete sounds which can produce a difference in meaning when spoken, yet cannot produce a difference in meaning when substituted for one another. A “phone” is simply a distinct sound. For instance, in English the “p” in the word “spit” and in the word “pit” are pronounced distinctly: the former is unaspirated, the latter is aspirated. Thus, they are two distinct phones. However, they are both members of the same phoneme, since substituting one for the other can never produce a difference in meaning, even though substitution may be perceived as slightly awkward by native speakers. Two distinct phones which are both members of the same phoneme are called “allophones” (from Greek, “different sounds”).
In Hindi, the sounds associated with the English letters “w” and “v” are allophones. Both are transcribed with one letter, . Analogously to the English example above, these sounds are typically pronounced consistently in words, but they do not constitute meaningful differences in utterances. For example, the word वो is typically pronounced as “vo”, whereas the suffix –वाला is typically pronounced “wala”. Hindi speakers are not generally aware of this distinction, even though they pronounce the distinction fairly consistently, just as English speakers are not aware of the differences of aspiration in certain letters, yet pronounce aspiration consistently.
Thus, may be pronounced as “w” or “v”. Some speakers may even pronounce an intermediate sound.

Semi-Allophones “j” and “z” in Hindi

Likewise, Hindi speakers do not generally maintain any strict distinction between the English “j” and “z” sounds either, but will typically pronounce words consistently. This situation is not quite the same as “w” and “v”, since technically, the “z” sound can be represented distinctly from the “j” sound by placing a dot (nuqta) underneath the letter, and some speakers are aware of this distinction. For instance, the word जो is pronounced as “jo”. There is some variation, however, in some words such as ज्यादा – some speakers pronounce this as “zyada”, and some as “jyada”.

Sibilants

In modern Hindi, both and and pronounced the same. occurs mostly in Sankrit loanwords.

English Alveolar Consonants

There is no equivalent of the English “t” or “d” in Hindi. These English sounds are pronounced with the tongue on the tip of the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth. This place of articulation is between the Devanagari retroflex and dental positions, although the English pronunciation will sound much closer to the retroflex pronunciation to Hindi speakers. English loanwords containing “t” or “d” are therefore transcribed with retroflex approximations.

Capital Letters

Devanagari has no capital letters.

Special Matraa Forms of and with

+ = रु
र + = रू

Borrowed Sounds

There are 6 additional sounds used in Hindi which have no corresponding symbols in Devanagari. These sounds are represented by placing the nuqta underneath a symbol which is phonetically similar. These symbols represent sounds from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, and English.
Foreign Sounds
Letter Approximation
क़ like “k”, but pronounced in the back of the mouth
ख़ velar fricative, like “Bach” in German
ग़ velar sound, similar to ख़ but voiced
ज़ just as English “z”, as in “zoo”
झ़ similar to the s in English “vision”
फ़ just as English “f”
Only two of the borrowed sounds are typically pronounced distinctly from the non-nuqta forms, though:
ज़़ and फ़

Summary of Consonants

Hindi Consonants

Stops Nasals
Unvoiced Voiced
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated
Velar
Palatal
Retroflex (ड़) (ढ़)
Dental
Labial (फ़)
Semivowels/Approximants
Sibilants
Glottal

Conjuncts

Since any consonant that is not explicitly followed by a vowel symbol is implicitly followed by the inherent vowel, , Devanagari provides two means of suppressing the inherent vowel:
  1. The halant ( ) a diacritical subscript, e.g. क्
  2. A conjunct, a ligature synthesized by conjoining two consonant symbols. This method is much more common. The halant is typically only used when typographical difficulties make it difficult to use conjuncts.

Horizontal Conjuncts

Horizontal conjuncts are formed when the first letter of a conjunct contains a vertical line. The vertical line is deleted, then the modified consonant symbol is conjoined to the second consonant symbol. For example:
  • न् + = न्द, हिन्दी
  • च् + = च्छ, अच्छा
  • स् + = स्त, नमस्ते
  • ल् + = ल्ल, बिल्ली
  • म् + = म्ब, लम्बा
  • फ़् + = फ़्त, मुफ़्त
  • क् + = क्य, क्यों
Note that in the last two examples, although neither nor end in a vertical line, they still can be the first letter of a horizontal conjunct. The curve on the right side is shortened and adjoined to the following consonant.

Vertical Conjuncts

Consonants that do not end with a vertical line often form vertical conjuncts with the following consonant. The first consonant is written on top of the second consonant. For example:
  • ट् + = ट्ट , छुट्टी
  • ट् + = ट्ठ, चिट्ठी

Other Conjuncts

Certain conjuncts are special, and should be observed:

Conjuncts with Nasal Consonants

If a nasal consonant is the first member of a conjunct, it may be written either using a “regular” conjunct (e.g. न् + = न्द, हिन्दी), or an “anusvar”, which is a dot written above the horizontal line, to the right side of the preceding consonant or vowel. For instance, हिन्दी could be spelled हिंदी, and अण्डा could alternatively be spelled अंडा. Note that the anusvar always indicates a so-called “homorganic” nasal consonant – in other words, it is articulated in the same location in the mouth as the following consonant is articulated. Thus, the anusvar in हिंदी must represent न्, which is a dental nasal consonant, since , the following letter, represents a dental consonant. Likewise, the anusvar in अंडा must represent the retroflex nasal consonant since the following consonant, , is a retroflex consonant.
Note that the anusvar is not the same as the bindu (or chandrabindu). The anusvar represents a consonant which is the first letter of a conjunct, whereas the bindu and chandrabindu represent the nasalization of a vowel. The bindu in हैं cannot be considered an anusvar, since there is no conjunct. The anusvar in हिंदी is not considered a bindu since it represents a consonant that is the first member of a conjunct.

Conjuncts with

As the first member of a conjunct, appears like a small “hook” or “sickle” above and to the right of the following consonant:
  • र् + = र्म, शर्मा
  • र् + + = र्ट, पार्टी
As the second member of a conjunct, is indicated by a diagonal line adjoined to the vertical line of the preceding consonant:
  • क् + = क्र, शुक्रिया
  • म् + = म्र, उम्र
Four consonants, , , , , do not have any vertical line, so they indicate a following with the symbol like an inverted “v”, as follows:
  • ट् + = ट्र, राष्ट्र

Special Conjuncts

Some conjuncts look quite different than their component consonants, and are not obvious. Most of these occur in words borrowed from Sanskrit:
  • क् + = क्ष
  • त् + = त्त
  • त् + = त्र
  • ज् + = ज्ञ
  • द् + = द्द
  • द् + = द्ध
  • द् + = द्य
  • द् + = द्व
  • श् + = श्र
  • ह् + = ह्म
The conjunct + = ज्ञ is pronounced as ग्य (“gya”) in Hindi. Conjuncts are treated as a single unit, and a maatraa is placed before the entire conjunct.
There are hundreds of conjuncts, but most conjuncts are easily discernable.

Punctuation

Hindi has a punctuation sign, the purn viraam, which is a vertical line that terminates a sentence. In modern typography, periods are often used in place of the purn viraam, and other punctuation, such as commas and question marks, is also borrowed from English.